A line chart plots data as a set of points connected by lines. The lines can either be straight, or curved to smooth out the changes at the data points.
A polar area chart is similar to a pie chart, however the angles of all of the slices are the same. The data is plotted as distance from the center.
A pie chart divides up the slices of a circle proportionately based on the relative sizes of the datapoints. A Doughut chart is the same as a Pie Chart, however the inside of the pie is removed. So the Chart actually resembles a ring, or doughut.